GPS : Introduction

GPS :

      Every location on earth has a global address. Because the address is in numbers, people can communicate about location no matter what language they might speak. A global address is given as two numbers called coordinates. The two numbers are a location's latitude number and its longitude number ("Lat/Long").

The earth is divided in two lines latitude and longitude.lattitude lines runs east and west and measure north and south while longitude line runs north and south and measure east and west.longitude and latitude lines measure distance in degree. basically they all are imaginary lines. equator is 0 degree latitude .the prime maridian is 0 degree longitude.in other sense globe is network of longitudes and latitudes.

 

Each degree of latitude is approximately 69 miles (111 kilometers) apart. The range varies (due to the earth's slightly ellipsoid shape) from 68.703 miles (110.567 km) at the equator to 69.407 (111.699 km) at the poles. This is convenient because each minute (1/60th of a degree) is approximately one mile.

A degree of longitude is widest at the equator at 69.172 miles (111.321) and gradually shrinks to zero at the poles. At 40° north or south the distance between a degree of longitude is 53 miles (85 km).

Maths formula :

If you want Java Script to find out this: click  javascript

Distance

This uses the ‘haversine’ formula to calculate the great-circle distance between two points – that is, the shortest distance over the earth’s surface – giving an ‘as-the-crow-flies’ distance between the points (ignoring any hills they fly over, of course!).

Haversine formula:	a = sin²(Δφ/2) + cos φ1 ⋅ cos φ2 ⋅ sin²(Δλ/2) c = 2 ⋅ atan2( √a, √(1−a) ) d = R ⋅ c
where	φ is latitude, λ is longitude, R is earth’s radius (mean radius = 6,371km); note that angles need to be in radians to pass to trig functions!

There is a neat formula for this, which is easy to remember and easy to use if you have a scientific calculator. If S is the distance, L1 and L2 are the latitudes, and D is the difference in longitudes, then we have: 

cos S = (sin L1)(sin L2) + (cos L1)(cos L2)(cos D). 

This will give the distance in degrees or radians, from which a multiplication by a suitable constant will give you statute miles, nautical miles, kilometers, furlongs, or whatever.

         The global positioning system is a satellite based system which consists of 24 satellites. First satellite launched in 1978.Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. The system created and maintained by the United States government, which makes it freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver, provides critical capabilities to military, civil, and commercial users around the world.Roger L. Easton is credited with inventing the Global Positioning System (GPS) along with Bradford Parkinson and Ivan A. Getting. Easton developed a time-based navigational system with passive ranging, circular orbits, and space-borne high precision clocks placed in satellites, which was tested with four experimental satellites: TIMATION I and II (in 1967 and 1969) and Navigation Technology Satellites (NTS) 1 and 2 (in 1974 and 1977). NTS-2 was the first satellite to transmit GPS signals.

Some important dates of GPS

1990 first continuous GPS in California  

1994 international GPS service start

1994 beginning of SCIGN network

2000 GPS in every cell phone.

Satellite Transmission:

All radio signals in L-band, Frequency 1.5 GHz, and wavelength 20 cm

 Work Style of GPS:

for more information please go on pocket gps world.com

http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/

Yoga :a divine path to healthy society. one religion one people

Yoga is found in ancient Indian early scripts-Vedas. Vedas was written in Sanskrit and path to reach heaven or god.in 3^rd century yoga were more common seen in Hinduism,Jainism and Buddhism .ancient version of yoga was mostly spiritual practices. The mind was to “transcend” bodily pain or suffering in order to reach a higher level of being the second aimed to uplift or broaden consciousness, and the third involved using yoga as a path to transcendence. The fourth was using yoga to enter other bodies and act supernaturally — perhaps the strangest and most mystical one.

Yoga is more than mastering postures and increasing your flexibility and strength. 00-1500 AD. During the medieval era, different schools of yoga emerged. Bhakti yoga is a spiritual pathway within Hinduism that appeared during this time, a type of yoga that focused on living through love and devotion toward God.

Interestingly, Westerners today have often associated “tantra” with a sexual form of yoga, but it turns out they weren’t too far off. Some Tantric beliefs involved yogis having sexual relations with low-caste women whom they believed were yoginis, or women who embodied Tantric goddesses. Having sex with them could lead these yogis to a transcendent level of consciousness. Today, gurus who go about doing such things in their yoga or bikram classes aren’t exactly known for their moral or spiritual prowess.

Vivekananda was responsible for bringing the Yoga Sutras more into the light, as well. These were writings of Patanjali, comprised sometime around 400 AD to describe what he believed were the main yoga traditions of his time. The Yoga Sutras focused mainly on removing all excess thought from the mind and focusing on a singular thing; but they were later incorporated more heavily than any other ancient yoga writings in modern, “corporate” yoga.

                                                                              Patanjali

The dates proposed for Patañjali's birth and life vary by a millennium. Some authorities suggest that he lived and flourished in the 4th century BCE, while others insist that he must have lived in the 6th century CE

Some common pose of yoga

Ref: http://www.kofibusia.com/patanjali/patanjali.php

http://www.medicaldaily.com/

http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/

Time line of Science History

Time line of Science History

Year	Invention
10 million years ago.	Humans make the first tools from stone, wood, antlers, and bones.
1–2 million years ago	Humans discover fire.
25,000– 50,000 BCE	Humans first wear clothes.
10,000 BCE	Earliest boats are constructed.
8000– 9000 BCE	Beginnings of human settlements and agriculture.
6000– 7000 BCE	Hand-made bricks first used for construction in the Middle East.
3500 BCE	Humans invent the wheel.
0– 1500 BCE	Ancient societies invent some of the first machines for moving water and agriculture.
1000 BCE	Iron Age begins: iron is widely used for making tools and weapons in many parts of the world.
150– 100 BCE	First gear-driven, precision clockwork machine (the Antikythera mechanism) is developed.
50 BCE	Roman engineer Vitruvius perfects the modern, vertical water wheel.
62 CE	Hero of Alexandria, a Greek scientist, pioneers steam power.
105 CE	Ts'ai Lun makes the first paper in China.
700– 900 CE	Chinese invent gunpowder and fireworks.
1000 CE	Chinese develop eyeglasses by fixing lenses to frames that fit onto people's faces.
1530s	Gerardus Mercator helps to revolutionize navigation with better mapmaking.
1590	A Dutch spectacle maker named Zacharias Janssen makes the first compound microscope
1600	Galileo Galilei designs a basic thermometer.
16th century	Antoni van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke independently develop microscopes.
1600	William Gilbert publishes his great book De Magnete describing how Earth behaves like a giant magnet. It's the beginning of the scientific study of magnetism.
1609	Galileo Galilei builds a practical telescope and makes new astronomical discoveries.
1643	Galileo's pupil Evangelista Torricelli builds the first mercury barometer for measuring air pressure.
1650s	Christiaan Huygens develops the pendulum clock (using Galileo's earlier discovery that a swinging pendulum can be used to keep time).
1687	Isaac Newton formulates his three laws of motion.
1700	Bartolomeo Cristofori invents the piano.
1703	Gottfried Leibniz pioneers the binary number system now used in virtually all computers.
1712	Thomas Newcomen builds the first practical (but stationary) steam engine.
1700	Christiaan Huygens conceives the internal combustion engine, but never actually builds one.
1737	William Champion develops a commercially viable process for extracting zinc on a large scale
1730s– 1770s	John Harrison develops reliable chronometers (seafaring clocks) that allow sailors to measure longitude accurately for the first time.
1780	Josiah Wedgwood (or Thomas Massey) invents the pyrometer.
1783	French Brothers Joseph-Michel Montgolfier and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier make the first practical hot-air balloon.
1800	Italian Alessandro Volta makes the first battery (known as a Voltaic pile).
1803	Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier develop the papermaking machine.
1806	Humphry Davy develops electrolysis into an important chemical technique and uses it to identify a number of new elements.
1807	Humphry Davy develops the electric arc lamp.
1814	George Stephenson builds the first practical steam locomotive.
1816	Robert Stirling invents the efficient Stirling engine.
1820s– 1830s	Michael Faraday builds primitive electric generators and motors.
1827	Joseph Niepce makes the first modern photograph.
1830s	William Sturgeon develops the first practical electric motor.
1850	Louis Pasteur develops pasteurization: a way of preserving food by heating it to kill off bacteria
1850	Italian Giovanni Caselli develops a mechanical fax machine called the pantelegraph.
1860	Frenchman Étienne Lenoir and German Nikolaus Otto pioneer the internal combustion engine.
1860	James Clerk Maxwell figures out that radio waves must exist and sets out basic laws of electromagnetism.
1861	Elisha Graves Otis invents the elevator with built-in safety brake.
1867	Joseph Monier invents reinforced concrete.
1868	Christopher Latham Sholes invents the modern typewriter and QWERTY keyboard.
1876	Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone, though the true ownership of the invention remains controversial even today.
1870	Thomas Edison develops the phonograph, the first practical method of recording and playing back sound on metal foil.
1877	Thomas Edison invents his sound-recording machine or phonograph—a forerunner of the record player and CD player.
1880	Thomas Edison patents the modern incandescent electric lamp.
1880	Thomas Edison opens the world's first power plants.
1880	Charles Chamberland invents the autoclave (steam sterilizing machine).
1883	Charles Eastman invents plastic photographic film.
1884	Charles Parsons develops the steam turbine.
1885	Karl Benz builds a gasoline-engined car.
1888	Friedrich Reinitzer discovers liquid crystals.
1888	Nikola Tesla patents the alternating current (AC) electric induction motor and, in opposition to Thomas Edison, becomes a staunch advocate of AC power.
1899	Everett F. Morse invents the optical pyrometer for measuring temperatures at a safe distance.
1890	French brothers Joseph and Louis Lumiere invent movie projectors and open the first movie theater.
1890	German engineer Rudolf Diesel develops his diesel engine—a more efficient internal combustion engine without a sparking plug.
1895	German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen discovers X rays.
1895	American Ogden Bolton, Jr. invents the electric bicycle.
1901	The first electric vacuum cleaner is developed.
1903	Brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright build the first engine-powered airplane.
1905	Albert Einstein explains the photoelectric effect.
1906	Willis Carrier pioneers the air conditioner
1906	Mikhail Tswett discovers chromatography.
1907	Leo Baekeland develops Bakelite, the first popular synthetic plastic.
1912	Hans Geiger develops the Geiger counter, a detector for radioactivity.
1919	Francis Aston pioneers the mass spectrometer and uses it to discover many isotopes
1920	John Logie Baird develops mechanical television.
1920	Philo T. Farnsworth invents modern electronic television.
1920	Robert H. Goddard develops the principle of the modern, liquid-fueled space rocket.
1920	German engineer Gustav Tauschek and American Paul Handel independently develop primitive optical character recognition (OCR) scanning systems.
1920	Albert W. Hull invents the magnetron, a device that can generate microwaves from electricity.
1928	Thomas Midgley, Jr. invents coolant chemicals for air conditioners and refrigerators.
1928	The electric refrigerator is invented.
1930	Peter Goldmark pioneers color television.
1930	Laszlo and Georg Biro pioneer the modern ballpoint pen.
1930	Maria Telkes creates the first solar-powered house.
1930	Wallace Carothers develops neoprene (synthetic rubber used in wetsuits) and nylon, the first popular synthetic clothing material.
1930	Robert Watson Watt oversees the development of radar.
1930	Arnold Beckman develops the electronic pH meter.
1931	Harold E. Edgerton invents the xenon flash lamp for high-speed photography.
1932	Arne Olander discovers the shape memory effect in a gold-cadmium alloy.
1939	Igor Sikorsky builds the first truly practical helicopter.
1940	English physicists John Randall and Harry Boot develop a compact magnetron for use in airplane radar navigation systems.
1942	Enrico Fermi builds the first nuclear chain reactor at the University of Chicago.
1947	John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invent the transistor, which allows electronic equipment to made much smaller and leads to the modern computer revolution.
1950	Charles Townes and Arthur Schawlow invent the maser (microwave laser). Gordon Gould coins the word "laser" and builds the first optical laser in 1958.
1954	Indian physicist Narinder Kapany pioneers fiber optics.
1958	Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce, working independently, develop the integrated circuit.
1959	IBM and General Motors develop Design Augmented by Computers-1 (DAC-1), the first computer-aided design (CAD) system.
1960	Theodore Maiman invents the ruby laser.
1973	Martin Cooper develops the first handheld cellphone (mobile phone).
1975	Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman invent public-key cryptography.
1976	Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs launch the Apple I: one of the world's first personal home computers
1989	Tim Berners-Lee invents the World Wide Web.
1996	WRAL-HD broadcasts the first high-definition television (HDTV) signal in the United States.

See more and perfect on http://www.explainthatstuff.com/timeline.html